# Admin & Instance Configuration System

Source files:
- `packages/server/src/routes/admin.ts` -- User management, storage management endpoints
- `packages/server/src/routes/instance.ts` -- Public instance info endpoint
- `packages/server/src/routes/settings.ts` -- Instance settings and streaming limits endpoints
- `packages/server/src/utils/auth.ts` -- `requireAdmin` middleware
- `packages/server/src/utils/userDeletion.ts` -- `tombstoneUser()` deletion logic
- `packages/server/src/utils/storageJanitor.ts` -- Storage stats, orphan detection, cleanup
- `packages/web/src/stores/settingsStore.ts` -- Zustand store for instance/streaming settings
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/GeneralPanel.tsx` -- General settings UI
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/RegistrationPanel.tsx` -- Registration toggles + invite-link CRUD UI
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/FederationPanel.tsx` -- Federation peers panel (peering, approval queue, peer status, rotation, reset)
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/StoragePanel.tsx` -- Storage management UI
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/StreamingPanel.tsx` -- Streaming config UI
- `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/UsersPanel.tsx` -- User management UI
- `packages/server/src/routes/invites.ts` -- Admin invite-link CRUD endpoints
- `packages/server/src/utils/inviteService.ts` -- Token generation, derived status, atomic redemption transaction
- `packages/shared/src/types.ts` -- Shared type interfaces
- `packages/shared/src/constants.ts` -- Streaming constants (resolutions, framerates, bitrate matrix)

---

## Authentication & Authorization

All admin endpoints use two Fastify preHandlers chained in order:

1. **`authenticate`** -- Verifies JWT from `Authorization: Bearer <token>` header, sets `request.userId`
2. **`requireAdmin`** -- Queries `users` table, verifies `isAdmin === 1`. Returns 403 if not admin.

```
auth.ts:requireAdmin()
  → db.select().from(users).where(id = request.userId)
  → if !caller || caller.isAdmin !== 1 → 403 "Only instance admins can perform this action"
```

The instance info endpoint (`GET /api/instance/info`) is fully public with no auth.
The streaming limits read endpoint (`GET /api/settings/streaming`) requires only `authenticate` (any logged-in user).

---

## Instance Settings Table

Singleton row in `instance_settings` (id=1). See [database.md](database.md) for full schema.

Settings are split into two API surfaces:

| Setting Group | Read Endpoint | Write Endpoint |
|---------------|--------------|----------------|
| General/Admin | `GET /api/settings/instance` (admin) | `PATCH /api/settings/instance` (admin) |
| Streaming | `GET /api/settings/streaming` (auth) | `PATCH /api/settings/streaming` (admin) |
| Public info | `GET /api/instance/info` (public) | N/A (derived from settings) |

### General Settings Schema (InstanceAdminSettings)

| Field | Type | DB Column | Validation | Notes |
|-------|------|-----------|------------|-------|
| instanceName | string | instanceName | 1-32 chars, trimmed | Default: `'Backspace'` |
| registrationOpen | boolean | registrationOpen | boolean | Local-account registration. DB null = use env `REGISTRATION_OPEN` (default true) |
| federatedRegistrationOpen | boolean | federatedRegistrationOpen | boolean | Federated-account creation against this instance. NOT NULL DEFAULT 1. Controls whether remote users can create `username@thisInstance` accounts via Connections (see auth.md + client-federation.md) |
| discoveryEnabled | boolean | discoveryEnabled | boolean | Controls space Explore page |
| gifApiKey | string? | gifApiKey | string or empty to clear | Returned masked as `****{last4}` for security |
| gifEnabled | boolean? | (derived) | -- | Read-only; true when gifApiKey is non-null |
| maxUploadSizeMb | number | maxUploadSizeBytes | positive integer (>=1 MB), upper bound is JS safe-integer ceiling (~8 EB) — effectively unlimited | Operator-set; no application cap. Stored as bytes; converted on read/write. DB null = use env `MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE` (default 100MB) |
| federationRelayEnabled | boolean | federationRelayEnabled | boolean | Default: 1 (enabled) |
| federationRelayTtlDays | number | federationRelayTtlDays | integer 1-365 | Default: 30 days |
| autoAcceptPeering | boolean | autoAcceptPeering | boolean | Default: true. When false, `peer/accept` rejects unsolicited requests (403 PEERING_REQUIRES_APPROVAL); only requests where a local `pending` record already exists are accepted |

### Streaming Settings Schema (InstanceStreamingLimits)

| Field | Type | DB Column | Validation | Default |
|-------|------|-----------|------------|---------|
| maxBitrateKbps | number | maxBitrateKbps | 500-1000000 | 20000 |
| minBitrateKbps | number | minBitrateKbps | 100-1000000, must be < max | 500 |
| bitrateStepKbps | number | bitrateStepKbps | 50-5000 | 500 |
| allowedResolutions | (number\|'native')[] | allowedResolutions | Non-empty, values from STANDARD_RESOLUTIONS or 'native' | [540,720,1080] |
| allowedFramerates | number[] | allowedFramerates | Non-empty, values from STANDARD_FRAMERATES | [30,45,60] |
| maxResolution | number | maxResolution | Must be in STANDARD_RESOLUTIONS | 1080 |
| maxFramerate | number | maxFramerate | Must be in STANDARD_FRAMERATES | 60 |
| discoveryEnabled | boolean | discoveryEnabled | boolean | true |
| bitrateMatrixOverrides | Record<string,number>\|null | bitrateMatrixOverrides | Keys: `{res}_{fps}`, values: 1-1000000 | null |
| allowCustomBitrate | boolean | allowCustomBitrate | boolean | true |

**Streaming constants** (`packages/shared/src/constants.ts`):
```
STANDARD_RESOLUTIONS = [540, 720, 1080, 1440, 2160]
STANDARD_FRAMERATES  = [30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120]
HIGH_END_RESOLUTION_THRESHOLD = 1440
HIGH_END_FRAMERATE_THRESHOLD  = 75
```

**Default bitrate matrix** (kbps, VP9 screen share):
```
      30    45    60    75    90    120
540   1500  2000  2500  2800  3200  4000
720   3000  3500  4000  4500  5000  6000
1080  6000  7000  8000  9000  10000 12000
1440  10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 22000
2160  20000 24000 28000 32000 38000 45000
```

See [voice.md](voice.md) for how clients enforce these limits at the WebRTC encoding boundary.

---

## Serialization Details

### Resolution/Framerate Storage

Stored as CSV strings in DB, parsed on read:

```
settings.ts:rowToLimits()
  allowedResolutions: row.allowedResolutions.split(',')
    → .map(s => s === 'native' ? 'native' : Number(s))
    → .filter(v => v === 'native' || STANDARD_RESOLUTIONS.includes(v))

  allowedFramerates: row.allowedFramerates.split(',')
    → .map(Number)
    → .filter(n => STANDARD_FRAMERATES.includes(n))
```

On write, numbers sorted ascending with 'native' always last:

```
settings.ts:PATCH /api/settings/streaming
  nums = allowedResolutions.filter(r => r !== 'native').sort(asc)
  updateData.allowedResolutions = [...nums, ...(hasNative ? ['native'] : [])].join(',')
```

### Bitrate Matrix Overrides

Stored as JSON string in DB. Sparse representation: only cells differing from defaults.

```
settings.ts:rowToLimits()
  raw = row.bitrateMatrixOverrides (string|null)
  → JSON.parse → validate is non-null non-array object → return if non-empty, else null
```

Valid keys: `{resolution}_{framerate}` (e.g., `"1080_60"`). Validated against all combinations of STANDARD_RESOLUTIONS x STANDARD_FRAMERATES.

### GIF API Key Masking

The `gifApiKey` is never returned in full. The GET response masks it:

```
settings.ts:GET /api/settings/instance
  gifApiKey: gifKey ? `****${gifKey.slice(-4)}` : undefined
```

On PATCH, if the client sends back a value starting with `****`, it is ignored (prevents overwriting the real key with the mask). Empty string clears the key.

---

## API Endpoints

### Public Instance Info

```
GET /api/instance/info
```

No authentication. Returns:

```typescript
{
  name: string;        // instanceSettings.instanceName ?? 'Backspace'
  version: string;     // Hardcoded '1.0.0' in instance.ts
  registrationOpen: boolean;  // DB setting overrides env if non-null
  federatedRegistrationOpen: boolean;  // NOT NULL DEFAULT 1; gates federated-account creation
}
```

Registration resolution order: `instance_settings.registrationOpen` (if not null) > `config.registrationOpen` (from `REGISTRATION_OPEN` env, default true).

`federatedRegistrationOpen` is consumed by the Connections UI (client-federation.md) to decide whether to surface the "create federated account on this instance" affordance.

### General Instance Settings

```
GET  /api/settings/instance    — admin only → InstanceAdminSettings
PATCH /api/settings/instance   — admin only → InstanceAdminSettings
```

See field table above for validation rules. Cross-field: `discoveryEnabled` changes here are also synced to `streamingLimits` in the frontend store (`settingsStore.ts:updateInstanceSettings`).

### Streaming Settings

```
GET   /api/settings/streaming   — any authenticated user → InstanceStreamingLimits
PATCH /api/settings/streaming   — admin only → InstanceStreamingLimits
```

**Cross-field validation** on PATCH:
- `minBitrateKbps` must be strictly less than `maxBitrateKbps` (checked against effective values after merge with current DB row).

### Storage Management

All admin-only.

```
GET  /api/admin/storage/stats         → StorageStats
GET  /api/admin/storage/orphans       → { orphans: OrphanedFile[] }
POST /api/admin/storage/cleanup       { dryRun?: boolean } → CleanupResult
POST /api/admin/storage/cleanup-media { maxAgeDays: number, dryRun?: boolean } → CleanupResult
POST /api/admin/storage/cleanup-tus   { maxAgeHours?: number = 1, dryRun?: boolean = false } → CleanupResult
```

The `cleanup-tus` route walks `.tus/`, deleting (or counting, if `dryRun`) any entry whose mtime is older than `maxAgeHours`. No DB rows are touched — `.tus/` is filesystem-only — so `deletedAttachmentRecords` in the response is always `0`. See `docs/systems/uploads.md` §Janitor for the full lifecycle (immediate-DELETE on cancel/discard, automatic 24 h `cleanupTusUploads`, 48 h defensive `cleanupTusStragglers`, and this admin-driven sweep).

**StorageStats shape:**
```typescript
{
  totalFiles: number;
  totalSize: number;           // bytes
  referencedFiles: number;
  referencedSize: number;      // bytes
  orphanedFiles: number;       // Files on disk not referenced by DB
  orphanedSize: number;
  unlinkedAttachments: number; // Attachment records with no message
  unlinkedSize: number;
  danglingAttachments: number; // Attachment records pointing to missing files
  danglingSize: number;
  staleTusSessions: number;    // .tus/ payload + sidecar files with mtime > 1 h old
  staleTusSize: number;        // Total bytes of those stale tus entries
  breakdown: { type: string; count: number; size: number }[];
}
```

`staleTusSessions` / `staleTusSize` use a **fixed 1 h display threshold** (active uploads write chunks frequently; a 1 h+ gap means the user walked away). This is distinct from the `maxAgeHours` body parameter on `cleanup-tus`, which is configurable per request.

**CleanupResult shape:**
```typescript
{
  dryRun: boolean;
  deletedFiles: number;
  freedBytes: number;
  deletedAttachmentRecords: number;
  errors: string[];
}
```

Storage functions (`getStorageStats`, `getOrphanedFiles`, `cleanupStorage`, `cleanupOldMedia`, `cleanupStaleTusSessions`, `getStaleTusInfo`) are implemented in `utils/storageJanitor.ts`. Tus-specific lifecycle details live in `docs/systems/uploads.md` §Janitor.

**Cleanup flow (UI):**
1. Admin clicks "Preview Cleanup" -- calls `cleanupStorage(dryRun=true)` or `cleanupOldMedia(days, dryRun=true)`
2. Preview result shown with count/size
3. "Clean Up Now" / "Delete Now" button enabled only after preview completes
4. Live cleanup calls same endpoint with `dryRun=false`
5. Stats refreshed after live cleanup

**Media cleanup validation:** `maxAgeDays` must be a positive integer >= 1. Returns 400 otherwise.

### User Management

All admin-only.

```
GET    /api/admin/users              → AdminUserListResponse
GET    /api/admin/users/instances    → { instances: string[] }
PATCH  /api/admin/users/:id/role     { isAdmin: boolean } → AdminUser
POST   /api/admin/users/:id/reset-password → AdminResetPasswordResponse
DELETE /api/admin/users/:id          → { success: boolean }
```

---

## User List: Filters, Search, Sort, Pagination

### Query Parameters

| Param | Type | Default | Description |
|-------|------|---------|-------------|
| q | string | '' | Fuzzy search on username and displayName (SQL LIKE `%q%`) |
| page | number | 1 | Page number, min 1 |
| pageSize | number | 50 | Results per page, clamped to 1-100 |
| showDeleted | 'true' | false | Include tombstoned users |
| homeInstance | string | -- | `'local'` for null homeInstance; otherwise exact domain match |
| role | string | -- | `'admin'` or `'non-admin'` |
| joinedAfter | date string | -- | Parsed as `new Date(value).getTime()` |
| joinedBefore | date string | -- | Parsed as `new Date(value + 'T23:59:59.999Z').getTime()` (inclusive end-of-day) |
| sort | string | 'newest' | One of: `newest`, `oldest`, `az`, `za` |

### Sort Options

| Value | SQL | Description |
|-------|-----|-------------|
| newest | `desc(users.createdAt)` | Most recently created first |
| oldest | `asc(users.createdAt)` | Oldest first |
| az | `asc(users.username)` | Alphabetical A-Z |
| za | `desc(users.username)` | Reverse alphabetical |

### Filter Composition

Filters are combined with AND. When `showDeleted` is false (default), `isDeleted = 0` is always added. Search `q` creates an OR condition across `username LIKE` and `displayName LIKE`.

### Instances Endpoint

`GET /api/admin/users/instances` returns all distinct non-null `homeInstance` values from the users table. Used by the frontend to populate the instance filter dropdown.

### AdminUser Shape

```typescript
{
  id: string;
  username: string;
  displayName: string | null;
  avatar: string | null;
  avatarColor: string | null;
  status: string;         // 'online'|'idle'|'dnd'|'offline', defaults to 'offline' if null
  isAdmin: boolean;
  isDeleted: boolean;
  homeInstance: string | null;
  createdAt: number;      // epoch ms
}
```

Produced by `admin.ts:toAdminUser()` -- maps integer DB columns to booleans, coalesces null status.

---

## Admin Actions: Safety Rules

### Promote/Demote Admin (PATCH /api/admin/users/:id/role)

```
Request: { isAdmin: boolean }
```

**Safety checks:**
1. `isAdmin` must be a boolean (400)
2. Target user must exist (404)
3. Target must not be deleted (400)
4. **Promote**: target must NOT have a `homeInstance` (403 "Federated users cannot be promoted to admin")
5. **Demote**: if target is currently admin, count all non-deleted admins. If count <= 1, reject (400 "Cannot demote the last admin")

**Side effects on success:**
- Updates `users.isAdmin` to 1 or 0
- Sends `user_updated` WebSocket event to target user via `connectionManager.sendToUser()` so their UI reflects the change immediately

### Reset Password (POST /api/admin/users/:id/reset-password)

**Safety checks:**
1. Target must exist (404)
2. Target must not be deleted (400)
3. Target must NOT have a `homeInstance` (400 "Federated users authenticate via their home instance")

**Process:**
1. Generate 12 random bytes, encode as `base64url` -- this is the temporary password
2. Hash with bcrypt via `hashPassword()`
3. Update `users.passwordHash` and `users.passwordChangedAt = Date.now()`
4. Force-disconnect all of target's WebSocket sessions via `connectionManager.forceDisconnectUser()`
5. Return `{ temporaryPassword }` in response

The `passwordChangedAt` update ensures all existing JWTs for the user are invalidated (tokens issued before this timestamp are rejected by the auth middleware).

The temporary password is shown exactly once in the admin UI -- the UsersPanel displays it inline below the user row with a copy button and a "Shown once" warning.

### Delete User (DELETE /api/admin/users/:id)

**Safety checks:**
1. Cannot delete yourself (400 "Use account settings to delete your own account")
2. Target must exist (404)
3. Target must not be already deleted (400)
4. Target must not own any spaces (400 "User owns spaces -- transfer ownership first", response includes `ownedSpaces` array with id/name)

**Process:**
1. Call `tombstoneUser(targetId)` -- returns list of files to delete (avatar, banner)
   - Tombstone sets `isDeleted=1`, clears personal data, removes from spaces/friends/DMs/reactions/read-states/folders in a transaction
   - Transfers group DM ownership to next member
2. Delete returned files from disk via `deleteUploadFile()`
3. Force-disconnect all WebSocket sessions
4. Return `{ success: true }`

### Peering Approval Requests

All admin-only. Present when `autoAcceptPeering` is `false`. The queue holds **both directions**:
- **Inbound** rows — remote instances asking to peer with us.
- **Outbound** rows — local users who initiated peering (friend-add, etc.) that the local [Outbound Peering Gate](federation.md#outbound-peering-gate) intercepted because no `federation_peers` row exists yet for the target.

```
GET  /api/federation/approval-requests              → { requests: ApprovalRequestSummary[] }
POST /api/federation/approval-requests/:id/approve  → { success, peerStatus?, peer? }
POST /api/federation/approval-requests/:id/deny     → { success }
```

`ApprovalRequestSummary` (see [api.md → Federation Peering Approval Queue](api.md#federation-peering-approval-queue) for the complete TypeScript shape):
```typescript
{
  id: string;
  direction: 'inbound' | 'outbound';
  origin: string;
  instanceName: string | null;
  requestedAt: number;
  expiresAt: number;
  // Outbound rows ONLY — inbound rows omit this field entirely (absent, not null and not []).
  subscribers?: Array<{ id, userId, username, triggerReason, triggerTarget, createdAt }>;
}
```

See [federation.md](federation.md) — Peer Approval Queue and Outbound Peering Gate sections for the full approval/denial/expiry flow (including the direction-branched approve/deny semantics, `onPeerActivated` cleanup invariant, and the inbound-expiry `/peer/denied` notification preserved unchanged).

---

## Frontend Architecture

### Settings Store (settingsStore.ts)

Zustand store managing two data objects:

| State | Type | Fetched Via | Updated Via |
|-------|------|-------------|-------------|
| streamingLimits | InstanceStreamingLimits \| null | `fetchStreamingLimits()` | `updateStreamingLimits()` |
| instanceSettings | InstanceAdminSettings \| null | `fetchInstanceSettings()` | `updateInstanceSettings()` |
| isAdmin | boolean | Set externally via `setIsAdmin()` | -- |
| gifEnabled | boolean | `fetchGifEnabled()` | -- |

**Default fallback:** If streaming limits fail to fetch, the store falls back to `DEFAULT_LIMITS`:
```typescript
{
  maxBitrateKbps: 20000,
  minBitrateKbps: 500,
  bitrateStepKbps: 500,
  allowedResolutions: [540, 720, 1080],
  allowedFramerates: [30, 45, 60],
  maxResolution: 1080,
  maxFramerate: 60,
  discoveryEnabled: true,
  bitrateMatrixOverrides: null,
  allowCustomBitrate: true,
}
```

**Cross-field sync:** When `updateInstanceSettings()` changes `discoveryEnabled`, it also patches `streamingLimits.discoveryEnabled` to keep the streaming panel's DiscoveryPanel warning banner in sync.

**Exported helper:** `getStreamingLimits()` returns current limits or defaults -- used by voice/streaming code outside React.

### Admin UI Panels

All panels live under `packages/web/src/components/modals/instanceSettingsPanels/`. Each operates as a controlled form with a local `draft` state, detecting changes against the store's server-synced values. Unsaved changes show a sticky glass-bubble save/reset bar at the bottom.

#### GeneralPanel

Manages: instance name, discovery toggle, GIF API key, federation relay toggle/TTL.

- Instance name input: max 32 chars, enforced client-side via `slice(0, 32)`
- GIF key: password input, separate dirty tracking (`gifKeyDirty`). Only sent on save if modified. "Clear key" button sets empty string.
- Federation relay toggle and TTL input: drive `federationRelayEnabled` and `federationRelayTtlDays` instance settings.

The registration toggles (`registrationOpen` / `federatedRegistrationOpen`) and the invite-link manager live in [RegistrationPanel](#registrationpanel).

#### RegistrationPanel

Owns the two independent registration gates and the admin invite-link CRUD surface. Mounted in the instance settings sidebar between **General** and **Users**.

**Toggles** (top of panel) — bound to `settingsStore.instanceSettings.registrationOpen` and `.federatedRegistrationOpen`. Save bar appears at the bottom of the panel when either toggle differs from the synced value (existing pattern from `GeneralPanel`):

- **Public registration** (`registrationOpen`) — "Allow anyone to create a local account from `/register`. When off, only invite links work for new local accounts."
- **Federated registration** (`federatedRegistrationOpen`) — "Allow users from other instances to create a federated account here via their Connections settings. Existing federated accounts log in normally."

**Invite Links** (below the toggles) — segmented `[Active] [Archived]` tabs (local component state, default `active`). Tab switch refetches via `GET /api/admin/invites?status=...`. A `tabRef` discards stale in-flight fetches when the admin switches tabs mid-load. `[+ Create link]` button opens the Create modal.

**Invite row** — name (left, primary text), usage indicator (`usedCount / maxUses` or `usedCount uses · unlimited`, color-coded amber at >=80%), status pill on archived tab (`Expired` rose / `Exhausted` amber / `Revoked` txt-tertiary), expiry summary subline (active: `Expires in 4 days` / `No expiration`; archived: `Expired Apr 25` / `Exhausted Apr 27` / `Revoked Apr 28`), creator + relative-time created.

**Row actions** branch on derived status:
- **Active rows:** `Copy link`, `Edit`, `Revoke`, kebab → `Delete permanently`, `View redemptions`.
- **Archived rows:** `Reinstate`, kebab → `Delete permanently`, `View redemptions`.

**Modals:** Create / Edit / Reinstate / Redemptions all use the shared [`Modal`](../../packages/web/src/components/ui/Modal.tsx) component with `mobileStyle="fullscreen"`, portaled to `document.body` (the parent settings dialog uses `glass-modal`'s `backdrop-filter`, which establishes a containing block — portaling escapes it so the child modal renders viewport-relative). On desktop they appear as the standard centered dialog with `max-w-md` (Redemptions: `max-w-lg`); on mobile they slide in fullscreen with the Modal's standard close button + safe-area padding. The decorative lavender/sky icon chip and helper paragraph live inside `children` (Modal's `title` prop renders the heading + close X).

- **Create Invite** — Name (1-64 chars), Max uses (radio: Unlimited / `[N >= 1]`), Expires (preset: `1 hour` / `24 hours` / `7 days` / `30 days` / `Never` / `Custom…`). Defaults: `maxUses: null`, `expiresAt: now + 7 days`. On success the URL is auto-copied to clipboard and the new row animates in at the top of the active list.
- **Edit Invite** — same shape as Create, pre-filled. Hidden for `revoked` rows (Reinstate is the only path back).
- **Reinstate — Variant A** (was `revoked`): rotates the token (`tokenRotated: true`). Modal copy: "This will generate a new link. The previously revoked URL stays inactive." Required to bump `maxUses` and/or `expiresAt` so the resulting row derives status `active` (server returns 400 otherwise).
- **Reinstate — Variant B** (was `expired` or `exhausted`): preserves the same token (`tokenRotated: false`). Modal copy: "The same link will start working again. Anyone who saved the URL will be able to use it." Same bump-to-active validation.
- **Delete confirmation** — uses the existing `ConfirmDialog` with `variant="danger"`, copy: "Delete `<name>` permanently? This cannot be undone. Redemption history for this link will also be removed. If you only want to stop the link from working, use Revoke instead — that preserves the redemption record." (Spec §4.2 originally proposed type-to-confirm, but the codebase uses the existing `ConfirmDialog` precedent for high-blast-radius admin actions; type-to-confirm was not introduced as a one-off pattern.)

**Redemption viewer** — opens via `View redemptions` action. Shows `usedCount of maxUses` header (or `usedCount uses · unlimited`), then one row per redemption: `registrantUsername` (left) + `redeemedAt` formatted (right). When `currentUsername !== registrantUsername` (post-rename) or `isDeleted === true`, the registrant name is annotated `alice (now Anastasia)` / `alice (now Deleted User)` — snapshot stable, live state visible. Clicking a non-deleted row opens the user's profile (`UserPopover`). If the invite is revoked, a banner at the top notes "The redemptions above represent users who registered before revocation."

**Invites outlive their creator's account.** `invite_links.createdBy` has no CASCADE — when an admin is tombstoned, their invites stay live and any current admin can manage them. The list joins `users` to surface `createdByUsername`, which resolves to `'Deleted User'` when the creator has `isDeleted = 1` (matching the `sanitizeUser` convention).

**State ownership.** Invite CRUD is **not** in `settingsStore` — it's transient panel state owned by `RegistrationPanel` (`useState` for `tab`, `invites`, `invitesLoading`, modal flags). Pattern matches `UsersPanel`. Reasoning: invites are page-scoped, not session-scoped — caching them globally would just create staleness bugs when the panel reopens.

**Type shapes** (from `packages/shared/src/types.ts`):

```typescript
type InviteLinkSummary = {
  id: string;
  token: string;
  name: string;
  status: 'active' | 'expired' | 'exhausted' | 'revoked';  // derived; never stored
  maxUses: number | null;
  usedCount: number;
  expiresAt: number | null;
  revokedAt: number | null;
  createdBy: string;
  createdByUsername: string | null;  // 'Deleted User' when creator's isDeleted = 1
  createdAt: number;
  lastRedeemedAt: number | null;  // epoch ms of most recent redemption; null when usedCount = 0
  url: string;  // server-built `https://<host>/register?invite=<token>` — clients MUST NOT assemble
};

type InviteRedemption = {
  id: string;
  userId: string | null;       // null only on hard-delete (defensive — tombstone keeps row populated)
  registrantUsername: string;  // snapshot at registration moment
  currentUsername: string | null;
  isDeleted: boolean;
  redeemedAt: number;
};
```

See [api.md → Admin: Invite Management](api.md#admin-invite-management-routesinvitests) for full endpoint signatures and the [auth.md → Invite Tokens](auth.md#invite-tokens) section for the redemption transaction + audit trail.

#### FederationPanel

Manages: federation peers list, pending approval requests (inbound + outbound), manual peering initiation, secret rotation, peer reset.

- **Pending Approvals section:** Visible only when `pendingApprovalCount > 0` (from ready payload — the count sums inbound + outbound rows). Positioned above the peer list. Both directions render as rows in the same unified queue, branched on `direction`:
  - **Inbound rows** — "{instanceName} ({origin}) — wants to peer with us." Approve / Deny buttons.
  - **Outbound rows** — "{instanceName} ({origin}) — N user(s) want us to peer with them. Triggered by: friend-add (etc.)." Inline expansion reveals the subscriber list (`username — friend_add → alice@orbit`, ...). Approve / Deny buttons same as inbound; backend branches on direction.
  - Approve calls `api.federation.approveApprovalRequest(id)` and Deny calls `api.federation.denyApprovalRequest(id)`. Both remove the row from the local list on success and refresh on `federation_approval_request_received` (which now also fires for outbound queue creation) and `federation_peers_changed`.
  - **ConfirmDialog copy variants:** the dialog branches on direction. Outbound approve confirms "send `/peer/accept` to {origin} on behalf of N user(s)"; outbound deny confirms "fan out denied notifications to N user(s) and discard the queued request" (no remote network call).
- Federation peers: fetched via `api.federation.peers()`, displayed as a list with status badges (active/pending/unreachable/awaiting_approval/rejected/needs_attention), last-seen/synced times, and per-peer actions.
- Peers with status `'revoked'` are filtered out of the visible list.
- Revoke calls `api.federation.revokePeer(peerId)` and removes from local list.
- Peers in `needs_attention` status render with a rose "Needs Attention" pill and a single "Reset Peering" action. The action opens a danger-variant ConfirmDialog explaining that reset deletes the local peer record (cascade-removes outbox entries) and requires out-of-band re-peering with the remote admin.

#### StoragePanel

Manages: storage overview, file type breakdown, upload limit, orphan cleanup, media retention cleanup.

- **Stats grid:** 5 cards (total files, referenced, orphaned, unlinked uploads, dangling records) with byte formatting
- **File type breakdown:** List of categories (image/video/audio/document/other) with file counts and sizes
- **Upload limit:** Number input (1-5120 MB) with save button, persisted via `updateInstanceSettings({ maxUploadSizeMb })`
- **Orphan cleanup:** Two-step (preview dry-run, then live). "Clean Up Now" disabled until preview completes
- **Media retention:** Age-based cleanup with configurable days input. Same two-step preview/execute pattern.
- "Refresh Stats" link at bottom re-fetches all stats

#### StreamingPanel

Manages: bitrate range (min/max/step), custom bitrate toggle, resolution/framerate allowlists, bitrate matrix.

- **Bandwidth section:** Range sliders + number inputs for min/max bitrate. Step size via preset pills (100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 kbps) + custom number input.
- **Custom Bitrate toggle:** Controls whether users can set their own bitrate vs using matrix defaults
- **Quality section:** Toggle pills for each resolution (540p, 720p, 1080p, 1440p, 4K, Native) and framerate (30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 fps). At least one of each must remain enabled.
- **High-end warning:** Shown when resolutions >= 1440 or framerates >= 75 are enabled. Warns about CPU/GPU/bandwidth requirements.
- **Bitrate matrix:** Interactive grid of resolution x framerate cells. Displays in Mbps (stored as kbps). Click to edit. Overridden cells highlighted in accent-primary. Cells exceeding maxBitrateKbps highlighted in amber.
- **Scale slider:** Multiplies all matrix values by 0.5x-2.0x. Captures snapshot on drag start, applies factor during drag, releases on pointer up.
- **Save payload:** Only cells differing from defaults are sent as `bitrateMatrixOverrides`; identical-to-default cells are omitted (sparse representation). If no overrides, `null` is sent.

#### UsersPanel

Manages: user list with search/filter/sort/pagination, admin promotion/demotion, password reset, account deletion.

- **Search:** Debounced (300ms) text input, resets to page 1 on change
- **Filters:** Instance dropdown (local/specific domain), role (admin/non-admin), joined-after/joined-before date pickers, sort dropdown
- **"Clear filters" link:** Visible when any filter/sort/search is active. Resets all to defaults.
- **Page size:** Fixed at 50 (not user-configurable)
- **Pagination:** Previous/Next buttons, "Page X of Y (N users)" label
- **User rows:** Avatar, username, display name, badges (Admin amber, federated instance sky, Deleted rose), join date
- **Action buttons** (per user, hidden if deleted):
  - Shield icon: promote/demote admin. Disabled for federated users. Demotion requires ConfirmDialog.
  - Key icon: reset password. Disabled for federated users. Requires ConfirmDialog. Shows temporary password inline.
  - Trash icon: delete user. Disabled for self. Requires ConfirmDialog (danger variant).
- **Temp password display:** Appears inline below the user row after successful reset. Includes copy-to-clipboard button and "Shown once" notice.

---

## Data Flow: Settings Update Lifecycle

```
[Admin UI Panel]
  → local draft state (useState)
  → user clicks Save
  → settingsStore.updateStreamingLimits() / updateInstanceSettings()
    → api.settings.updateStreaming() / updateInstance()
      → PATCH /api/settings/streaming or /api/settings/instance
        → Server validates each field
        → Cross-field validation (min < max for bitrates)
        → db.update(instanceSettings).set(updateData).where(id=1)
        → db.select fresh row → serialize → return
    → store.set({ streamingLimits: updated }) / set({ instanceSettings: updated })
  → UI re-renders from store, draft resets to match
```

---

## Cross-References

- **Database schema:** [database.md](database.md) -- `instance_settings`, `users`, `spaces` tables
- **API endpoints:** [api.md](api.md) -- Full endpoint listing for admin, settings, instance routes
- **Federation relay:** [federation.md](federation.md) -- Relay toggle/TTL mechanics, peer management, outbox delivery
- **Voice/streaming:** [voice.md](voice.md) -- Client-side enforcement of streaming limits
- **Permissions:** [permissions.md](permissions.md) -- Admin flag is separate from RBAC; `isAdmin` is a user-level column, not a permission bit
